Foreword
The unexpected news of a Festschrift planned by American authors to appear in the year 2000 to honor the twenty-fifth anniversary of the death of Josef A. Jungmann was greeted with pleasure by his students, friends, and readers on this side of the Atlantic. Understandably, that pleasure is especially keen for one who was the co-editor of the two Festschriften that honored Jungmann during his lifetime (one for his sixtieth birthday in 1950, with a second edition in 1953, namely Die Messe in der Glaubensverkündigung, and the other, entitled Paschatis Sollemnia, honoring his seventieth birthday, appearing in 1959).

Now comes the third Jungmann Festschrift, this time from the New World. That would be quite agreeable to the honoree, now twenty-five years parted from us. Josef A. Jungmann, thanks to his many American students in the department of theology in Innsbruck, always had an open ear for the United States. When Fr. Michael A. Mathis, C.S.C. (1885–1960), invited him to be visiting professor at the Notre Dame summer school in 1949, he at first hesitated, but eventually accepted the invitation, and he never regretted it. Those lectures in the summer of 1949 yielded the single original English book by Jungmann (appearing only eight years later in German): The Early Liturgy to the Time of Gregory the Great (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1958). Experience shows that it is always good for a Festschrift to have self-imposed restrictions. That is certainly true of the thematic specificity of this American Festschrift, which focuses on one of the Innsbruck liturgist's many essays, in which he described the "Defense against German Arianism and the Revolution in Religious Culture in the Early Middle Ages" in the Zietschrift für Katholische Theologie in 1947. Those who were intimately familiar with the milieu of Jungmann's thought know that the editors have made a brilliant choice: in fact, none of Jungmann's many articles was as important as this one.

The choice seems to me especially fortunate because Jungmann's lifelong engagement with his favorite idea, here reaching its mature form—namely, the role of Christ's mediatorship in Christian prayer—reveals the extraordinary flexibility of this Tyrolian scholar (though his literary opponents called him stiffnecked!) throughout the course of a long life. The road from the first scholarly contributions of the young professor which, through the research of his student Rudolf Pacik, have yielded such famous statements as "Only prayer to the Father through Christ is prayer in the strict, true, original sense" (ZKTh 111 [1989] 346) to the mature knowledge found in his last and too-little-appreciated book Christliches Beten im Wandel und Bestand (Munich, 1969) was a long one. In the latter work the old master acknowledged the rightful place of prayer to Christ, rooted in the New Testament, alongside the "more comprehensive" prayer with Christ in the prayers ancestral to the Roman liturgy. Here the great liturgist left us his ultimate wisdom on the theme of Christian prayer, the outgrowth of much patient research and certainly much more of his own prayer.

Trier, September 8, 1998
Balthasar Fischer

Introduction
This volume of essays marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the death of the Austrian Jesuit liturgical scholar Josef Andreas Jungmann (1889–1975). It is almost impossible to overestimate the impact that Jungmann and his work have had on the liturgical reforms which flowed from the work of the Second Vatican Council, both in preparing the way for these reforms as well as in implementing the directives of the council's documents; happily, he did indeed live to see the fruits of his long labor. At the time of his death at the age of 85, on January 26, 1975, the council had been adjourned for ten years, and the reformed ordo missae of Paul VI had been published and celebrated throughout the world for five years. Jungmann's reputation as an expert in liturgical history and theology had been firmly established before the convocation of the council, and his presence there as a peritus, and later, as a member of the Consilium, "the commission entrusted with the implementation of the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy," was an influential one, although he"exercised great influence … almost despite himself [and his diffidence and shyness]."

The editors of this volume judged it fitting to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of Jungamnn's death by inviting a number of scholars active in the broad area of pastoral liturgy, each with a different specialization, to reflect on the importance of Jungmann's work and on developments that have taken place during the years since his death. Since Jungmann's publications are so numerous, we selected what we considered to be the most influential of his many essays as a common starting point for each author's reflections. This key essay is "The Defeat of Teutonic Arianism and the Revolution in Religious Culture in the Early Middle Ages," which was published in English as the lead article in Jungmann's important collection Pastoral Liturgy (1962). Unfortunately, this essay is no longer in print. Instead of reprinting the essay (impossible because of its great length), Joanne Pierce has summarized its main points, which the other contributors address more fully in different ways. Therefore, this summary essay stands at the beginning of the collection to provide both a starting point and a point of reference for the rest of the essays, and, in many ways, serves as an introduction to the volume.

Overall, we have grouped these essays into four general categories, which reflect four governing concerns: Jungmann's own context; historical and theological considerations; differing perspectives; and present and future implications. While there may in fact be some overlap among the essays, they are distinguished by the different approach taken by each author. The first two groups of articles address the context out of which Jungmann's essay (and the whole of his work) appears, either theologically or historically. Thus, the essential article by Kathleen Hughes which discusses Jungmann's influence on Vatican II serves as a kind of "gateway" essay for the entire collection, and for the second group in particular. The other essays in the second cluster cover various areas or topics which form a part of Jungmann's immediate historical and theological horizon: Gerard Austin on liturgical history; John Baldovin on Eucharist; John Melloh on preaching; Thomas Rausch on ecclesiology; and Nancy Dallavalle on Trinity.

The third cluster of essays takes a different tack. These authors were asked to reflect on Jungmann's work from a particular perspective which was not Jungmann's own. These essays provide a spectrum of reflection from different denominational or methodological "lenses" which serve to expand on Jungmann's immediate horizon: Karen Westerfield Tucker offers a Protestant perspective; Kenneth Stevenson, an Anglican perspective; Peter Fink, an Eastern Catholic perspective; and Marjorie Procter-Smith, a feminist perspective. Finally, the fourth and last cluster of essays provides another approach. These authors deal with more theoretical ramifications of Jungmann's thought and work, critical ramifications which extend beyond that initial context and point to the liturgical future. Here, Nathan Mitchell reflects on liturgical theology, Don Saliers on liturgy and ethics, Michael Downey on spirituality, Mark Wedig on art and architecture, and John Leonard on music. The final essay of the volume, Regis Duffy's discussion of liturgy and culture, provides a compelling conclusion to the movement of the collection as a whole, and serves as a kind of "capstone" essay. A bibliography of Jungmann's major publications in English closes the volume.

We would like to express our thanks to each of the authors for contributing to this volume, as well as to those who have offered encouraging words to one or both of us along the way: Phyllis Pierce and Janice Pierce; Mary Ann Hinsdale and Alice Laffey of the department of religious studies at the College of the Holy Cross; The Cistercian Community at Mepkin Abbey in South Carolina; Thomas X. Davis, O.C.S.O., abbot of New Clairvaux in Vina, California, and Roger Cardinal Mahoney, archbishop of Los Angeles; and Michael Naughton, O.S.B, and Mark Twomey of The Liturgical Press. Above all, we here acknowledge the delight we have both taken in working together as coordinators and co-editors of a project that we hope will be of service to the liturgical and pastoral life of the churches.

The title of this volume derives from the Second Vatican Council's Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, which described the liturgy as the source and summit of the Church's life. It is our hope that this Jungmann commemorative volume will honor the memory of one of the greatest liturgical scholars of the twentieth century, not just by reflecting on his past achievements, but by highlighting the trajectories of his influence on the life of the churches twenty-five years after his death, and into the next century.

Joanne M. Pierce
Michael Downey
Advent 1998